The Hacking Business Model

Purpose

• Create a sustainable business model that can be adopted and adapted by others.
• Create a fair and democratic company that is owned by the workers.
• Have long-term, trustworthy and meaningful relationships with our staff and customers.

Principles

• Egalitarian: The belief that all people should be treated equally. This includes equality, non-discrimination and inclusivity.
• Sustainable: We have a long-term view on our business. We watch our profits & spend wisely, we take care of each other, we support the things we depend on.
• Transparent: We communicate in an honest and genuine way. Any information or process that can be made open, will be made open.
• Fun: Create a workplace where people can have fun and want to work.
• Agile: Be flexible, receptive & adaptive, especially when dealing with staff and customers.

Methods

Concrete tools for helping us live according to our principles, including:

• Consensus-based decision making.
• Corporate transparency - any information or process that can be made open, should be made open.
• Licensing that helps benefit our company, our staff, our customers, our partners and society at large.
• Profit-sharing with staff, contributors and worthy causes.
• Don't try to change people. Focus on getting the best from their strengths. Develop ways to work around their weaknesses.
• Prefer to work with people who share our values.
• Work against patents and other legislation that harms individual rights.

Some employee roles may have different requirements — for example, someone working on customer support may need to have regular hours. Of course, any differences need to be noted explicitly in the employee's contract in a section that clearly details any differences from the standard agreement.

• The Employee works in distributed company and may work from anywhere.
• 75 working hours per two weeks. Ideally, employees should work schedules that are kind to them and to others.
• Equal free (vacation) time; Everyone has 35 free days a year + Saturday & Sundays. (This is basicly Finnish 5 week vacation + 10 (avg) weekday holidays). Note that this means that one should use a free day if one wants not work any Monday-Friday even if it's a public holiday in your country! Up to 25 free days will roll over to next year (ie, the vacation part not the public holiday part); If the employee quits or is let go all saved vacation money will be paid out. One earns 25/47 vacation days / week of active work (This is used for the first and last year of employment).
• Vacation money ("Lomalta paluu raha"). When you go on vacation that is more than 3 weeks (or have used more than 3 weeks of your vacation for the year) you get an extra 1/2 month of salary. If you don't keep your vacation the vacation money is payed at the end of the year under 'get a life' bonus plan.
• The employee will get a shared copyright to all code and documentation they produce according to the spirit of the Sun's SCA license agreement.This doesn't include confidential code/documentation or code/documentation that we do for customers that require full ownership to the produced code/documentation.
• 80 / 20 rule; 80% of the time the employee should work on scheduled tasks. 20% of the time they can work on any tasks of their choice, as long as they will generate revenue, make employees more efficient, or enhance company recognition in a 2 year window. The 20% tasks need to be approved to ensure they follow the above guidelines.
• The employee needs to be transparent with everything they are doing. Transparency makes the employee responsible to their peers, and makes them accountable by their own statements. It's also the best vehicle to create trust.
• The employee needs to do a weekly report that includes everything they have done during the week, their plans for the upcoming week, and also any ideas they may have (half-baked or ready-to-use), that they would like to discuss with others. The weekly reports should show clear progress in the employee's major tasks.
• The employee must speak up if the company is doing something they think is harmful for itself, its employees or customers. It's crucial for the success of the company that the employees are 'on board' with the vision of the company. Politics are strictly forbidden!
• 2000 Euro hardware allowance at start of position (for laptop, desktop etc).
• 1000 Euro/year hardware allowance for everyone that requires new hardware to be be able to do their work.
• The equipment bought with the hardware allowances (and any other negotiated equipment) will be transfered to the employee after 5 years.
• The salary should be competitive in the area where the employee is located. The bonus plan is not dependent on where employee is living.
• If an employee has been of significant help in getting / delivering a customer order, they are entitled to a bonus for this work. Everyone involved in a sale will share 5% in the 'price - cost of sales' portion of the sale (in proportion to their involvement) and everyone involved in the delivery will share another 5%. However, any such bonuses will be deducted from their part of the year-end bonus (provided the company was profitable).
• Each employee will be assigned a VIP number of 1-10 (10 being the highest) to describe their importance to the company. This number is used to calculate the end of year bonuses and 'sell-shares'. The VIP number is agreed to when an employee joins the company and will be reviewed yearly by their manager. The employee will get directions on what they can do to increase their importance to the company (and thus their VIP number).
• The employee must be able to communicate fluently in English (at least in written form). If necessary the company will sponsor English classes for employees that want to improve their speaking skills.
• The employee is assumed to be cost efficient. This means they should prefer to use:
  • Cost efficient communication tools like Skype and VoIP.
  • Economy traveling tickets.
  • Medium priced hotels, rental cars, and restaurants.
  • When traveling they should strive to stay over at their fellow employees' places and/or share rooms with their fellow employees. (This item can be overridden with a 'good cause' by their manager)
  • If the employee wants better hotel, food, traveling arrangements, working equipment, etc this can be arranged, but the difference should be reduced from their salary, contract money or bonus.
• When hired, the employee will be considered as 'on-trial' for the first 3 months. After the trial period, the Company and employee will decide if things are working out and either hire the employee or contract him under similar terms as if they were employed full-time.
• People that are not working up to expectations will receive a warning. If the situation is not corrected within one month, they will be moved to 'on-trial' status. After 3 months, the Company and the employee will revisit the employee's performance and will decide whether further employment is in their best interests.
• When an employee is leaving they can buy out any Company equipment bought under the hardware allowance. The price is min(market-price, 'initial-price' * max(5 - years_old,0)/5) (i.e., the price of the equipment is reduced by 1/5 each year).

• The Company is primarily created to generate bonuses for the employees (not to get sold).
• The Company should make it as fun as possible to work for the Company.
• The Company will be a distributed entity and strive to be small and efficient. If growing too big, it will split into separate business units or companies.
• Strive for long relationships with employees and customers. (The Company is a Family)
• The Company needs to respect the individuality of it's employees. If the employee has reasonable 'extra' demands they need to be seriously considered. (For example when it comes to work on weekends, room sharing, not wanting to travel, etc).
• The Company will employ people based on their merits. They will not be discriminated based on their gender, race, religion, location, marital status or whom they have married.
• The Company will not require people to work on weekends. The Company has the right to ask the employee to work on weekends, but the employee has the right to refuse without any consequences.
• The Company will actively encourage its employees to take out their vacation and not save it for later. This is especially important for employees that are "burning out".
• For time-critical, highly-paid, highly-profitable projects that require double working hours, the Company will pay three times the salary and/or offer paid vacation days.
• The Company will, whenever it's possible, largely let the employee choose their own work, instead of being told what to do. By letting the employee set their own goals, they are more likely to meet them. When working on a chosen project the employee needs to work with the team lead, but after the project is done, the employee should decide on what to do next.
• The Company needs to be long term cost efficient in its daily operation. This should be considered when choosing software, phone usage, equipment, etc...
• The Company will not censor employees' opinions or try to hinder employees from expressing them. The Company should provide appropriate forums for the employees to discuss anything work related.
• The Company should budget for at least 3 traveling meetings for every employee to ensure that people can work efficiently and get to know each other. One of the meetings should be an all company meeting.
• The Company will recognize the importance of spouses/family members in a distributed environment and have the following spouse policy:
  • The spouse is encouraged to attend the all company meeting. The Company will pay half of the spouse's ticket and allow the employee to share a hotel room with their spouse (at no extra cost for the employee).
  • The spouse is invited to up to 4 dinners/year (if employees are gathered over dinner).
  • In the above rules another family member can be substituted for the spouse.
• The Company will actively help and sponsor open source projects (see bonus plan).
• The Company will strive for having as much of its plans and information publicly available. All rules of the Company will be made public on its web site.
• The Company will respect the privacy of the employees. It will not read, without explicit permission from either the author or the receivers, any employee emails that are not sent to an email list and it will not read any logs from any private (query) IRC sessions.
• All software produced by the company will be open/free source (with the exception of classified customer projects). At equal profit, the Company will prefer to do open/free software projects.

At end of year the profit will be distributed as follows:

• 45% will be saved for expansion
• 5% will be donated to open source projects. The project(s) will be chosen by the employees of the company by voting.
• 5% will be used to support charities. The projects will be chosen by the employees of the company by voting.
• 20% will be used to pay off existing debts.
• 20-45% (depending on debts paid) will be given out (as bonus, dividend or some other form) to employees and investors based on their VIP number and the number of working hours.

The bonus for each employee is calculated as follows:

employee_profit_hours = employee_working_hours*VIP

bonus= profit/(SUM(all employee_profit_hours))*employee_profit_hours

An investor which has invested 100,000 Euros is treated as an employee of VIP level 5 that has 37.5 hours a week for 47 weeks. And the investor should expect to get at least 8% as 'bonus' from the bonus pool. If they get less, the missing money will be added to their loan.

At end of year the Company will distribute 100,000 'semi-shares' to its employees and active investors, in proportion to ones 'employee_profit_hour'. This share does not have any other rights than if the company would get sold then the money paid for the company (minus all costs, investments, loans etc) will be distributed among all semi-share holders.

At end of the year the Company should strive to pay off (part of) its investors if it doesn't expect to need the money within a 2-year time frame.

(Note that these are only guidelines and may be changed. However the changes MUST follow the spirit of the original guidelines).

The Company is led by a CEO. Their actions are governed by:

• An advisory board that is a team of external chosen experts.
• A governance team, consisting of members from the employees and the advisory board

The purpose of the advisory board is to give good advice to the CEO and the employees of the company.

The purpose of the governance team is to give directives (that must be followed) to the CEO and suggest changes to the rules and decisions processes. The governance team has the right to fire and reinstate people (including the CEO).

The Company will be led in an open and democratic fashion:

• All (not customer classified information) information will be public inside of the company. This includes salaries, bonuses, shares, birthdays, etc...
• Decisions will be done in a democratic fashion and all employees should have a chance to have their say in things that matter to them.
• In cases of disagreement things should be resolved by voting with the 3 vote rule; 'Yes, No and Never'. A decision should normally not be taken if there is a single 'Never' vote. In exceptional 'life and death' cases, after thorough discussions have been had and after all other options are exhausted, a decision can be taken even if there are 'a few' 'Never' votes, if 50% of the company will vote yes to the proposal.
• Company should work according to the motto: "Do good decisions fast but be prepared to quickly change course if there is a way to do it." This implies that the following should hold for 'controversial decisions':
  • If requested, the decision makers need to clearly define the basis for a decision and provide means for proving/disproving that the decision is in the Company's best interests. If a decision is proved wrong, it needs to be reverted and the decision makers need to analyze why it went wrong and take steps to ensure that it won't happen again.
• The Company should learn from its mistakes and its successes. It should strive to repeat its successes and avoid its mistakes in the future.

The rules of the Company can only be changed if at least 75% of the Company employees are not opposed to the changes.

The owners of 51% of the voting shares in the Company (initially only the founders) have the definite power to say 'NO' to any made decision that doesn't have 75% of the employees behind it. They can also propose new decisions that will be be taken if 51% of the employees stand behind it. This rule can only be changed with 85% of the voting shares.

This document is in Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0. Feel free to share and modify it.

These rules are not written to be in accord with any given law nor are they supposed to be valid in any given country. The idea is that each employee will get an employment contract that is tweaked according to the laws in their jurisdiction to provide them benefits and responsibilities as close to this document as legally possible.

Other companies using these rules should refer to these as the base rules, and then just have additional rules or small tweaks to these rules. For example, a French company may want to stipulate that the common language in the company should be French, not English.

If your company subscribes to these rules, please add a link to this web page! If your company has some different or additional rules, please keep them on your own page and refer to this page for the default rules.

Created by Zak Greant and Michael Widenius. It was first published by Zack Greant on his blog. (The link appears to be dead now, leaving it here for posterity.)

Some of the entries were inspired by The Tao of Linden.

Here are some user-contributed translations of the Hacking Business Model into other languages.

• Spanish